Probable breakthrough:
It finally dawned on me to examine the infected file more closely. When I looked at the file properties, the Version tab reported the file to be the application "Enosoft DV Processor"! How weird!
I have that app installed, but it's certainly not in my startup list! I have a tool that displays the entire startup list including "hidden" startups (I'll attach a screenshot if you wish), but it's just not there. How it keeps ending up as a .tmp file in C:\WINDOWS\Temp and was replicating itself up to 26 times per scan is very bizarre!
What I'll do now is use Revo Pro to uninstall the Enosft DV Processor and all traces completely, and see if the infections stop. I'll report back on this.